Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Israel: risk factors and treatment outcomes.

SETTING All culture-positive tuberculosis (TB) isolates in Israel. OBJECTIVES To outline the magnitude of drug-resistant TB in Israel, describe treatment outcomes and identify risk factors. DESIGN Retrospective study of laboratory data of all strains of adult TB patients tested for resistance to first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs between 1999 and 2010. RESULTS Of 4652 reported TB cases, 3552 (76.3%) underwent culture (annual range 73-81%); 445 (12.5%) were resistant to one or more first-line drugs, while 207 (5.8%) had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Risk factors for MDR-TB included being male, age 30-59 years, migrants (mainly from the former Soviet Union [FSU]) who had stayed in Israel >2 years, and having pulmonary TB, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sputum smear positivity. Of all MDR-TB patients, 71.0% achieved treatment success, while 19.8% died. Twelve Israeli citizens had extensively drug-resistant TB (5.8% of MDR-TB cases). All had emigrated from the FSU and had pulmonary TB; 1 was HIV-infected. Seven (58.4%) achieved treatment success and 5 (41.6%) died. CONCLUSIONS Drug-resistant TB in Israel is influenced by migration, especially from the FSU, where the patients were probably infected. Rapid sputum sampling performed in the early stages of the disease, patient isolation and drug susceptibility testing should be the standard of care to avoid further transmission and improve TB control.